Abstrak / Ringkasan
nstead of being called the motor of bureaucratic change from the traditional to the
modern system of government, Raffles gave space and opportunity for the colonial
officials to enlarge their power. Meanwhile, kings, sultans and local rulers are
increasingly discouraged, especially in political and economic activities. One form of
bureaucratic reforms decided by Raffles is the establishment of the Landelskel Stelsel
System (Lease of land) which is considered to initiate a change in the socio-cultural
movement and elevate the position of the peasants by abolishing the system of forced
cultivation into a land contract system. On the contrary, this system became a proof
of dominance against the much reduced priyayi. Especially after Raffles formed a new
policy of lifting European employees. The new European employees and serve as
escort officers, supervisors of regents and land-gained inspectors (Opziener der
landelijke inkomsten) later referred to as pangreh praja (Controleur van het
Binnenlands Bestuur).